How Workers Attitude and Job Satisfaction Affect Their Work.

Thesis Statements: Attitude and Job Satisfaction: A worker attitude towards work is directly linked to the job satisfaction; a worker who is satisfied with his job performs better and excels at what he does. It is therefore imperative for a company to understand the attitude of its workers and measure the job satisfaction of its employees, as job satisfaction is essential for productivity. Introduction Worker attitude and job satisfaction deals with how an organization behaves. It involves the management directing employees into improving organizational and personal effectiveness.It plays an enormous role in determining the attitudes of employees and their job satisfaction. When an employee is happy, it is usually because they are satisfied with their work. This also improves the quality of their work. Attitude and job satisfaction may not fall completely on the management but also on the employees. If employees enjoy their work, they will not need external motivation from management , but instead the satisfaction they attain from completing their work will motivate them (Robbins, 2004). Job satisfaction is an individual’s contentment with their work.Its effect on productivity is either positive or negative. The relationship between job satisfaction and job productivity is however not consistent. An individual may still obtain high job productivity without having the satisfaction in the work. This happens mostly when money is their motivation. Another motivator is improving in his or her work in order to receive a promotion. Other employees may increase their productivity due to the satisfaction they get from their work. A reason for job satisfaction may also come from an employee getting a good salary.It improves job satisfaction as long as an employee has knowledge of the fact that they get fair payment for their efforts at the end of the day. Job satisfaction has an effect on an individual’s satisfaction with life. If an employee does not get sa tisfaction in their work, they may seek for satisfaction in other work unrelated areas. This provides fulfillment and balance in their life. He or she may also be content with work as it relates with those work unrelated areas. Job dissatisfaction may also cause an employee to quit (Robbins, 2004). How Workers Attitude and Job Satisfaction Affect Their Work.An employee’s attitude towards authority may affect his or her relationship with management. Negative attitude towards authority will cause clashes in the work place. Psychology is another reason that affects an individual’s attitude. Another reason for a negative attitude towards authority is jealous for their position. This attitude affects job productivity in a negative way. If the workers attitude is a negative one so is their ability to produce positive results. Worker attitude and job satisfaction are two factors that affect a company’s productivity.There are different issues that affect worker attitude and job satisfaction either in a negative or positive way. These issues include the management, employee, sociology, communication, culture, and work environment. Management Role The management’s style of leading plays a huge role in worker attitude and job production. Empowerment is one factor that can motivate better productivity. If the management gives an employee opportunity to work according to their own standards, preferred that these standards measure up to those of the company, job productivity will increase.Human empowerment is satisfactory to every individual. Self-satisfaction leads to job satisfaction. We also have strategic planning by management. This is crucial when dealing with influencing job productivity. An example of a way to motivate employees is the management offering them opportunities for promotions and pay rise negotiations. This will encourage job productivity since employees will want to receive these rewards (Jackson, 2002). Organizational objec tives also affect how the management relates with the employees.If the organizational goal is to achieve a certain percentage of profit in a business year, then it will exert pressure on the employees to increase productivity. Positive influence is not the only way to ensure an increase in productivity. Some organizations offer contracts that clear states the amount of productivity needed from employees. This is in the case of sales and marketing where a sales representative needs to achieve a target on a certain deadline. This may mount pressure on the employees and in turn affect their job satisfaction. In some cases, the management is not as strict with the employees.The problem with this is that the employees might eventually relax on the job. An organization may also decide to add more working days depending on their goals. Complying with such a decision is hard and it may leave the employees bitter and resentful towards management. This attitude will affect job productivity, a s the employees will arrive to work with no motivation. Another factor in work attitude is time away from work. Apart from free time on the weekend, which is compulsory according to work ethics, employees need to take time off from work. This normally is the leave period (Jackson, 2002).Employee Role Some individuals choose professions that they like while others end up in their profession due to pressure. Pressure may come from the need to make money or a parent or guardian deciding on what their kids will do. When one chooses something they love doing or has an interest in, then they are content and happy about what they do. Love for a profession encourages a positive attitude. This is all the motivation employees need when it comes to productivity. A happy employee is a productive employee. When an employee loves what they are doing, they attain job satisfaction.This automatically affects productivity in a positive way. Productivity however suffers with negative employees who onl y work to make money. Their aim is to increase their productivity in order to get more money but this eventually makes them stressful and bitter. Since they have no interest in the work, satisfaction is hard for them to achieve. This is another form of motivation but is not sufficient. The two major ways for employees to improve, productivity in their professional areas is the choice of profession. Employees need ways to relieve their stress if they want to improve their work attitude and productivity.Work related stress is common among most employees. This is especially by employees that do not experience any job satisfaction from their work. Stress is something that may lead to more serious illnesses. This lowers productivity from the absence of employees in the work place. Stress is relieved by taking breaks from work, exercising, socializing with friends, and having fun. Psychological development is also another factor that affects attitude. Since psychology is what determines h uman behavior, it affects how we react and relate with others.Every one of us reacts differently to different situations. An example is when management is brutally honest about an employees work, some may take it is a warning to do better others may take it as criticism and give up. This depends on how an individual makes decisions. External factors such as the family, relationships, financial status are a few of other things that also affect the employees’ attitude. A healthy employee is a productive employee and a happy one. Social Role Our social behavior affects our work. This is in regard to introverts and extroverts.An introvert will not easily socialize with people. This affects their performance in a situation that needs teamwork. Teamwork requires all individuals to communicate with each other. If employees cannot work well together, it affects productivity. A company that encourages teamwork experiences higher productivity. Extroverts are aggressive people and some people may try to avoid them. Relationships in the work place affects attitudes and in turn productivity. If employees have a close relationship with each other, employees work well together and their attitudes improve as well.An improvement in attitude improves job productivity and satisfaction. In order to improve this relationship, some organizations encourage team building by dedicating a few days for members to socialize. This is through encouraging games in this sessions or providing projects for them to do. Interaction between employees helps them know each other better and beyond the work place. It improves their relationship and attitude towards each other (Edwards, 2004). Social role also involves the relationship between employees and management. In most organizations, this relationship is usually strictly professional.The only time the two interact is while it involves work. This is a way for the management to ensure that they have an upper hand towards the employees. Th is may lead to employees withdrawing from the management due to fear. Fear affects productivity, as the employee cannot approach the management if he/she is having trouble. They may imagine that the management will see this as a weakness. A good relationship is one where the management associates with its employees openly. Respect is the only thing that needs establishment between the two. This way, it is easy for employees to approach the management.A good relationship will improve employee productivity by improving their attitude and encouraging job satisfaction. Another social factor is competition. This is due to human nature to prove themselves. Employees may compete amongst each other for appraisal or a chance to grab an available higher position. This is a way for productivity to improve. Their attitude will depend on whether the competition is a healthy or an unhealthy one. An unhealthy one will lead to stress (Edwards, 2004). Communication Communication is how information t ransmits between the management and employees or between the employees themselves.Employees need to be free with the management in order to approach them when they are having trouble. Good communication has a positive effect on the employee’s job satisfaction. When all their needs a met, they can easily perform their duties efficiently. This increases job productivity and in turn improves the workers attitude. Communication is also important between employees. Employees need to maintain a good relationship with each other in order to communicate efficiently. Respect is an important factor in communication. In every organization, respect needs to drive how they communicate.A good way to implement communication between management and employees is by planning meetings. These meetings should allow employees to ask questions and express their opinion. Management should ask employees for their input and suggestions in matters concerning them. This will make the employees feel even more part of the organization. It will improve the relationship of everyone in the organization. Good communication leads to a good relationship that in turn improves employee attitude and job productivity (Mitchell). Culture The differences in culture affects people’s attitude.Different cultures have different practice. Some cultures do not allow their employees to work for certain amounts of hours. This may affect an individual if a transfer occurs and they get to a work situation that encourages more working hours. He/she will develop a negative attitude towards work. In some cultures, individuals are risk takers. They enjoy doing things beyond their capabilities. They attain satisfaction both in life and in work. There is no better motivation to improve their job productivity than this. In others, employees are hardworking. Their attitude towards work is usually a positive one (Jackson, 2002).Work environment A positive work environment improves on employee attitude. This depends on other employees, the management and the available resources. If an organization takes care of their employees by providing all needed resources, then their productivity will improve. Job productivity increases a business performance and profits, which in turn ensures that employees receive their salary frequently. When the business performs well then the employees are happy. A good performance in the organization gives the employees a positive attitude that improves their individual performance.As long as the employees are happy and performing, job productivity will increase. Job satisfaction improves employee’s relationships with customers. A good working relationship such as that one will increase on the sales of goods and services. Some company’s offer their employees bonuses especially during the holidays. This acts as an encouragement to the workers and improves their relationship with management. In departments such as sales and marketing, employeeâ⠂¬â„¢s performance can improve if given bonuses or commission when they bring in more sales clients.With this knowledge, the employee’s performance is sure to improve drastically (Edwards, 2004). Conclusion The duty of management and the employee in improving workers attitude is debatable. Some may argue that it is up to the employee to ensure that they attain job satisfaction from their work, as they are the only ones in control of their attitude and performance. It is also possible to say that all the responsibility is entirely the managements. They decide on the nature of the environment in which the employee works.The management holds the power to control employee salary, off time and promotion. External factors such as the environment, social situations, and culture also affect worker attitude and job satisfaction. In my opinion, it is up to both the parties to decide on worker attitude and job satisfaction. If you need professional research paper help you can buy custom papers online at CustomWritings. com – online research paper writing service. Tags: Job Satisfaction research paperresearch paper on Worker AttitudeWorker attitude and job satisfaction essayWorker attitude and job satisfaction term paper

Analysis of Arthur Miller’s Presentation of Abigail Essay

Arthur Miller wrote the play â€Å"The Crucible† in 1953 which was in the middle of the McCarthy political ‘witch-hunt’ in America. However the story had appealed to the playwright for many years, therefore ‘The Crucible’ can be described as a political parable as it was inspired by the decade of McCarthyism. Miller wrote the play set in an area of Massachusetts called Salem in 1692 where some adolescent girls were dabbling with supernatural powers and witchcraft. They were eventually jailed and the jails were filled with men and women accused of witchcraft. Ultimately twenty people ended up hung. The inhabitants of Salem were rigid in their interpretation of the Bible, believing in witches and the Devil. They believed also that the Bible instructed them that witches must be hanged. This relates to the McCarthy trails that were happening in the USA during the 1950s as the trails were about the admission of adherence to communism, consequently witnesses were brought before the committee to name names. This naming approach was very similar to the process of witch trials; Miller then began to relate this to the public confessions as parallel with the naming of names at Salem in 1692. Subsequently Arthur Miller wrote a play in relation to this and uses Abigail to convey similar ideas to the McCarthy Trials in the 1950s. In the McCarthy trails the only way to clear your name was to name members of the extremist party, but even still a person’s reputation would be extremely tarnished. Therefore I will be looking at the presentation of Abigail and how it conveys this idea, in relation to the McCarthy Trials. During the beginning of Act One we discover Abigail is a girl who can’t be trusted and people don’t believe her. Paris refers to her as a ‘child’ so she is assumed as being young and questioned over how she can make up so many lies. From being referred to as a ‘child’ the audience makes an assumption that Abigail acts younger than her age and there is immense significance of this quote as she is referred to as a ‘child’ more than once and by different characters. Abigail has endless capacity for dissembling so she is a brilliant liar and doesn’t know when to stop. Her lies in this particular scene appear not to be very convincing as she is worried and anxious; hence she is lying for a way out. From this Abigail could be presented to be small and weak as she is forced to sit in a chair while Parris towers over her and doesn’t take any action of rejection. Parris is threatening Abigail to tell the truth as she is a compulsive liar; consequently it is extremely hard to get her to tell the truth. Our impression of Abigail develops later on in Act One as she loses her innocence since she becomes no longer believable to the audience, her lies are over looked by them as they realise she is withholding the truth. When Proctor enters Abigail starts to become nervous which is highlighted from her reaction whilst she is alone with him and he says ‘Ah, your wicked yet, aren’t y’! ‘ Abigail reacts with a nervous ‘laughter’ and becomes frightened of Proctor. Consequently Proctor acts powerful and continues to act powerful and dominant towards Abigail by forcefully saying ‘child’ to Abigail to give recognition of her still being a child, this is the second time that Abigail has been called a ‘child’ by different characters highlighting the importance. While Abigail does react angrily and infuriately to appear powerful and gain control over Proctor, her reactions are childish, she moans when she doesn’t get her own way, so she acts like a little ‘child’ which is why she is being called a ‘child’. This part of the play is foreshadowing events to come, we know that she is going to eventually turn wicked and evil so her innocence is lost as we realise that she will later turn wicked as the wickedness can be used as a way out. When Abigail is alone with the girls she takes control of them and becomes the leader of the group and the girls begin to look to her for an answer so they look up to her. They follow her lead so she has the power of the group. She gains this power of the girls by saying ‘I will come to you in the black of some terrible night and I will bring a pointy reckoning that will shudder you. ‘ Abigail threatens the other girls so they are so frightened of her that they follow her lead, this becomes clear nearing the end of Act Three. The word ‘shudder’ is onomatopoeia and this adds dramatic affect and gives you a real sense of the word and makes it come to life and sound real. It is this word order which Miller uses that makes you really think that this is going to happen if the other girls do not obey her. The adjectives used during this statement from Abigail are ‘black’ then ‘terrible’ and ‘pointy’ these are all threatening adjectives and are the type of words that you would visualize when a murder was taking place so this intensifies their anxiety. During this scene the audience discover just how devious and manipulative she can be, in this instance she shows this by being threatening and dangerous to the other girls. Danger changes sides towards the end of Act One during Abigail’s questioning as she starts to become frantic. She begins rushing out excuses as quickly as possible to conceal her lies, as she comes dangerous close to being exposed. Abigail is scared of the fact that if people don’t believe her, then she will be caught in the act of lying, she is anxious about this. Furthermore Hale says ‘perhaps some bird invisible to others comes to you’ thus implying an insight to the deviousness of Abigail. This provides inspiration later for Act Four; therefore implying Abigail is not innocent and is an untrustworthy character with a deeper meaning, perhaps Abigail is lying. Abigail proceeds out of this situation by catching on to the circumstances there are in hand and uses them as weapons to propose the excuse of making herself look like the victim in this entirety. Consequently people can’t accuse her, which because of her selfish behaviour leads her on to accusing Tituba by saying ‘She makes me drink blood! ‘ This describes Abigail’s destructive nature and the deviousness of Abigail’s thinking put into practice. From this I can call Abigail opportunistic as she has seen a way out; she has explored it and taken it. While this is selfish behaviour, it is certainly a very clever move by Abigail to relieve some of the pressure from her and give her a chance to think about what she is going to say next. The audiences’ response from this action taken by Abigail is that it is ludicrous that she can accuse somebody and say a few words and make the court believe her. This links in with the McCarthy trials because all the court was interested in was names and they were so desperate for a name that once one was named with a motive they seized it.

A Successful Failure in Apollo 13 Project

The launch of Apollo 13 began on April 11, 1970. Mr. James A. Rober, member of the crew, commander, John L. Swigate, Jr. It is the command cabin pilot, Fred W. Haise, Jr., a module pilot of the moon. All test modules seem to be ready for release. However, before the launch, several problems occurred, astronaut Thomas K. Mattingly had a measles in Germany and was supposed not to have antibodies. He had to be replaced by John Swigate. The movie I chose was Apollo 13, which was a successful failure about the mission of Apollo 13. Captain Apollo 13, Jim Robell, is the character I chose to write. Lovell faced many life and death decisions and had to choose between living a lifelong dream or living with a family. Jim Lovell is a precious person. He feels strong in self identity, self-esteem, honesty, and confidence. But most importantly, Lovell can prioritize his values, identify the most important things in a difficult environment, play the biggest role in everyone around, and finish the job correctly It will be able to run. When facing a difficult situation, such as failure due to stirring of the oxygen tank, Lovell said that when it reached its final benefit, stirred the tank. Under the psychological efforts of tenacious project managers, situations that are initially unacceptable at first or deemed difficult to deal with will collapse. The classic story about this attitude is the mission of Apollo 13. In his book Failure is not an option (Berkeley Publishing, 2001), Gene Kranz describes the efforts to repair damaged spacecraft life support systems. This is one of the most difficult engineering challenges the team is facing, with serious problems among those with the most specialized knowledge, even partial solutions are possible. Kranz took the position that they not only find a solution but also resolve within a fixed time limit. He refused to accept in any simple way, encouraged his team to explore alternatives, resolve conflicts and concentrate It was a failur e - we see failure because we have to avoid it absolutely. The mission of Apollo 13 is often quoted as failing is not really a choice. However, due to the experience gained by crew rescue, it was classified as successful failure. So there are no plans, failure is the way they learn, this is the way you should learn. Failure, quick failure. I stimulate myself - I do it in two ways. First of all, I sat down and wrote what happened and what I already did. Remember what you can do. Next, I created a mood board or visual board. This is a series of photos that show you what you are trying to achieve. It helps to visualize using images. This will help you stimulate you through difficult times. I have been doing this for about three years and I can not begin telling you how useful it is. Because the picture is often seen, it may be just subconscious - I have pinned my blue beyond the door of learning.

Personal Class Design Project Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Personal Class Design Project - Research Paper Example To attain ability of collaborative and patient centered care in the measurement of electrocardiogram Effect of Hospital Philosophy on the EKG Course The vision and core values of the hospital are within the framework of collaborative patient care and ensuring that the health care management is patient centered. Moreover, the hospital endeavors to provide learners within the health care system with exceptional training and education with a view of ensuring that there is high quality of care in addition to creativity and innovativeness in patient management and care. In This regard, the hospital with provide a conducive learning environment in addition to experienced practitioners who would act to guide and train the learners. Additionally, the hospital experience will enable learners to achieve skills and knowledge in collaborative and patient centered care. More importantly the students will be enabled to apply this knowledge during the practical experience at the hospital. The hospi tal as the institutional sponsoring the course will be accredited with the responsibility of ensuring that the learners achieve the expected outcomes. Additionally, the health care expertise within the cardiology department will be involved in the assessment of the progress of the learners. Class Needs Assessment The performance in applying skills and knowledge on electrocardiogram measurement and reporting will be assessed with an aim of determining possible inadequacies so that the trainer will be able to know where more emphasis needs to be laid. Nonetheless, the assessment of the students must be focused at ensuring that the skills and knowledge that they acquire is purely applied to ensure the safety of the patient (Wittmann-Price and Fasolka, 2010). Therefore, the needs of students for information and experience in management of patients during electrocardiogram measurement are achieved through proper assessment. It is important that the students are accorded the opportunity o f applying collaborative practice in fulfilling the safety needs of the patient. Description of the Class The class is comprised of diverse students with a common view and goal of achieving creativity and critical thinking in the management of patients during electrocardiogram measurement, reporting of results and effective conversation with the patient. Therefore, the class aims at achieving the necessary psychomotor skills in the handling of the electrocardiogram machine and its accessories. In discussing the results of the electrocardiogram, students require to apply their cognitive abilities to ensure high quality in care. The learners are willing to actively participate in the learning activities by attending the sessions and collaborating with the instructors and health care staff within the hospital during the whole learning experience. The class has been given the objective and outcomes of the course to have a guiding framework for the course. Additionally the class is ready for a participatory learning experience to enhance the efficiency and effectiveness of the achievement of the learning objectives. In this regard, the class is aware of their obligations in adherence to the legal and policy frameworks of the hospital in addition to their obligations of being assessed. Target Audience The members of the hospital who include the staff in the cardiology department including the emergency care professionals within the emergency department and the intensive care unit and the telemetry

Popular Hispanic Media Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Popular Hispanic Media - Assignment Example Some TV shows of Hispanic flavor have made their way into mainstream American television. A late-night talk show with a Hispanic host has made its maiden debut with Hollywood bigwigs as its guests. It is presumably a bilingual show, catering to both the Hispanic speaking community as well as the American public in general. Also, the concept of a Spanish-Language on-demand channel has penetrated the market as a response to a need of Hispanic customers to have control over ways to entertainment that are simple and easy. The concept is geared towards empowering Hispanic consumers to keep in constant connection to the people and things to which they hold most dear. Prime movers behind this concept are confident that this extraordinary entertainment venture will encourage customers all over the US take pride in their passion for the rich Hispanic culture whenever they wish. Where TV is, radio is not far behind. StoryCorps, an oral history project, aims to gather real-life stories from Hispanic residents that focus on human drama that tugs at the heartstrings of Hispanic listeners. Already played in the airwaves was a bus driver story who played knight in shining armor to a distraught old woman diagnosed with cancer and could not find her way around town. With the bus, he took her to where she was headed like a gallant knight to maiden in distress. Even the US Census uses telenovela, or soap operas, to reach Hispanics as an element of the government’s yearlong effort to garner trust among Hispanics. Latin women have their share of the limelight through social networking sites. Through these online sites, they can do most anything—from gathering network to seeking advice on everything from getting a divorce to obtaining a mortgage. Mobile revolutions also target the Hispanic community. Among these are the online video

Corporate Governance ( principal-principal conflicts) Essay

Corporate Governance ( principal-principal conflicts) - Essay Example A conflict between employees and employer is an example of principal – agent conflict. Such a conflict can bring about obstacles in the productivity of a business along with potential hazard to morality of the employees. Both principal – principal conflict and principal – agent conflict could be resolved if certain standard principles are followed by the owners and shareholders of an organization. In case of these conflict, internal and external mechanism can be applied to reduce conflict issues. Internal mechanism in case of principal – principal conflict can be in the form of reduction of block holding and crossholding and by formulating an independent board of directors. Decentralization of the ownership is another way to reduce principal – principal conflict. A separate CEO and chairperson should be appointed in corporate firms to avoid disagreement between major and minor shareholders. External mechanism involves protection of minority shareholder through enforcement of law. In case of principal – agent conflict, internal mechanism involves better remunerative package and stock allotation and external mechanism involves better corporate law along with merger a nd takes over practice. Principal – agent conflict is common in U.S and U.K as the power is vested with shareholders and agents are controlled autonomously by them. In this situation, the agents tend to get dissatisfied with the compensation or facilities offered by the management. U.S. and U.K has numerous corporate firms which are privately owned and these often encounter disagreement with employees on matters concerning remuneration, benefits and working conditions. Since the autonomous power to take decision is held by shareholders, the interest of employees are sometimes given less importance. This kind of condition brings loss to company and agent in many ways as the relationship between them gets

Markting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Markting - Essay Example The organization operates with over 250 companies which are operating around the world. Johnson and Johnson has its headquarters in New Jersey and New Brunswick and has around 114,000 people as its employees according to the December 31, 2010 estimates (Datamonitor, 2012). The major three segments of the company constitute of consumer, medical devices and diagnostics, and the pharmaceuticals. The consumer segment of the J&J develops, produces and promotes a variety of oral care, skin care, wound care, baby care, and products for women’s health care. There are over-the-counter (OTC) pharmaceutical products and the nutritional products offered by the company too. The major brands manufactured by the company include Band-Aid (adhesive bandages); Aveeno (skin care products); Clean & Clear (skin care products for teens); Carefree (panty liners); Motrin IB (ibuprofen products); Johnsons baby and adult lines of products; RoC (skin care products); Neutrogena (skin and hair care products); Stayfree (sanitary protection products); Listerine and Reach (oral care products); Tylenol (acetaminophen products)Zyrtec (allergy products); Pepcid AC (acid controller); Dabao (moisturizers); and Splenda (sweetener). The products of the company are supplied and sold to the wholesalers and the retail chain outlets which are independently functioning all across the globe. Johnson and Johnson aim to keep its pricing on parity with its competitors in the industry. It aims to undertake a penetration pricing strategy for its products and strives to enter new markets to market its new products. However for some established products like baby care products, the company has established the premium pricing strategy. The major competitors of the company lie in the pharmaceutical and drug industry. They include Pfizer Inc., GlaxoSmithKline plc, and others operating in the

Literautre search and literature review on handwashing

Literautre search and on handwashing - Literature review Example Only those studies conducted among subjects in United Kingdom in the last five years were selected. Several aspects of hand washing including health implications, promotion programs, practices and beliefs are discussed by each the researches. It is of utmost importance to establish first the need of hand washing. Basically it serves the purpose of preventing the transmission of infectious diseases. While there are several infectious diseases that cannot be prevented by mere hand washing, the simpler ones are actually of more significance because of its prevalence in the society. As such, focus has been given to diarrhea, being one of the leading causes of child death (Boschi-Pinto 2008) and viral respiratory infections. Moreover, bacteria causing these diseases are usually transferred between surfaces (Curtis et al. 2011, p.312), through hand contamination, for example. The researches conducted, are therefore rooted on the premise that since hand washing can prevent the transfer of disease-causing bacteria between surfaces, the different aspects of this practice should be explored in depth. The study of Curtis et al. (2011, p.312) emphasized that through the practice of proper hygiene, reducing the global burden of infectious disease need not to be costly. But despite this, it is quite unfortunate, that the importance of this practice has been overlooked in the area of public health. Yet through the information obtained by the authors, they were able to find hope that the present situation in terms of hygiene would gradually improve. In the beginning of the paper, Curtis et al. (2011, p. 312) established the evidence that there is indeed a risk that has to be controlled by identifying the means by which public health practitioners estimate the threats. These are the same steps being followed by the World Health Organization. The

Justification program Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Justification program - Essay Example ven the most conscious commercial kitchen operations consider kitchen wastes as undesirable but inevitable part of the food expenditures that cost hospitals 4 to 8 percent in terms of food wastages (Chardoul & Coddington, 2012). In my investigation on the kitchen operations, I have noticed that nutrition and the presence of malnutrition are very vital in the overall treatment and care of our patients. However, I have observed that some food is not being eaten, that is, it is going to waste; as a result, it is not contributing to nutrition (Bauers, 2011). I think that all the food reduction measures especially the ones that affect the portion sizes, should be considered in consultation with the hospital nutritionists. I think inclusion of an effective Food Waste Program will be important in the kitchens, canteens and in the wards. After tracking down the sources of these organic wastes, I have noticed that most of them were emanating from pre and post consumer sources in the food areas. Note that some of these food wastes are in two categories: Non-perishable and unspoiled perishable foods (Perry, 2014). When serving, some patients may not report for meals and these foods are returned to the kitchen, but still considered as waste. As a result, managers start seeing volume of food waste generated and the costs to take the large bins away. I think that with the Food Waste Program, such wastage can be minimized by taking the food back to the kitchen. Nevertheless, I think I will like to make a distinction of the types of foods that can be taken back to the kitchen. Some types of food wastes have no value such as meat bones and onions. Conversely, there are those referred as valuable food wastes and I have observed that they are being generated both in service of the patients and at the canteens. For example, I h ave seen there are unserved food wastes, untouched food wastes and plate wastes. For the untouched food wastes, for example, comprise the plated food that has

Global Terrorism Essay Example for Free

Global Terrorism Essay As mentioned in the module, countries such as Italy, France, Greece and the United States, at one time or another, gave in to terrorists in what was aptly termed as â€Å"political concessions†. It is, however, my personal opinion that it was the United States who suffered the most from the ramifications of such concessions, setting the climax that culminated in the attack at the World Trade Center. From the very words of an American president, the United States as a matter of policy, does not negotiate nor compromise with terrorists : â€Å"Americans will never make concessions to terrorists- to do so would only invite more terrorism- once we head down that path there would be no end to it, no end to the suffering of innocent people, no end to the bloody ransom all civilized people must pay† (Reagan, 1985). The US Senate (1999) also declared that â€Å"†¦making concessions to terrorists is deplorable†. As history would recount, however, it was the same president who covertly authorized weapons sales to Iran to free American hostages held by a terrorist organization in Lebanon, against the opposition of the then Secretaries of State and Defense (Burns, 2002). In fact, this was the first of a series of many clandestine dealings of the US government with terrorist groups of different countries, in defense of what we call democracy and innocent people. While the US is hailed as a super power by practically all governments in world, the terrorists gained tremendous emotional advantage by forcing a super power in numerous instances to concede to their demands. This, somehow, drove the impetus for the terrorists to forward their interests and devise even more horrible schemes like the 9/11, to further advance their cause and humiliate the most powerful nation in the world. The terrorists have been putting the pressure on the US since the early 1980s, and the US has been allowing them. The terrorists have somehow, mastered their craft in the long run and the 9/11 attack was just an icing on the cake. Staerk (2007) contends that the only response to terrorism that legislators thought of was â€Å"to give more power to the state, and once given, that power will be hard to take back†. Thus, the terrorists were not only successful at humiliating a world power. They were also successful at creating impediments for democracy. Answer to Question No. 2. Definitely, western nations should have acted differently in the face of the Arab oil embargo. Their actions signified their helplessness and their acknowledgment of the importance of Arab oil. This might have even helped in advancing the interests of terrorism further since incarcerated terrorists then were freed for fear of reprisal, in terms of the new weapon which emerged during the mid 70s oil. Western nations should have been more steadfast in their conviction to protect their respective areas from terrorism. They should have brought the terrorists before the law and convicted them based on the crimes they perpetrated and not in terms of how their respective governments put pressure on the prosecuting countries. Western nations should have realized by now that the vaunted oil of the Arab world during the 70s is not that valuable a commodity now in the light of noticeable changes in the map of world oil supply since then, with important new sources of supply coming on stream from the North Sea, Mexico, China, Alaska, and Russia (Perry, 2001). Western nations, particularly the United States should have foreseen that the Arab oil embargo then was a bluff. Shlaes (2001) shares the same opinion and calls the US stance during the mid 1970s as â€Å"old-fashioned oil diplomacy†. Shlaes considers it a greater danger for such â€Å"old-fashioned oil diplomacy† to hinder the U. S. and its allies from combating the threat posed by many Middle Eastern regimes against democracy and world peace. Zycher (in Shlaes, 2001) believes that the real threat, then and now, is that the U. S. national security policy is being designed based from an erroneous insight regarding oil. If the U. S. , either alone or with its allies, succeeds in breaking free with its anxiety over the phantom oil weapon, it will be in a better position to evaluate whether to go easy or take action in chasing and destroying the terrorists. Answer to Question No. 3. I am going to start my argument with a quote from British statesman William Gladstone that â€Å"Justice delayed is justice denied†. Hence, my personal position with respect to this query is : â€Å"under no circumstances should the rights of citizens be curtailed†, even in the name of so called â€Å"general welfare†. Since the rights of citizens, especially the civil liberties, are mandated by the constitution, reducing these rights even only for a specific period of time is unjust. The longer these rights are reduced, the longer justice is denied. Let me, however, support my position with similar positions from the authorities in the field. David Cole (in Soto, 2007), a law professor, believes that denying anyone his basic human rights is wrong and that it undermines the legitimacy of an otherwise legitimate effort. Davis and Silver (2002) disclosed that even though 84 percent of Americans are very concerned or somewhat concerned about a future terrorist attack on the United States, a majority of them are unwilling to relinquish civil liberties in exchange for enhanced security. Majority of the respondents were generally unwilling to bestow the government broader powers to combat terrorism if those powers meant limiting traditional constitutional protections. The American Civil Liberties Union (2003) stressed that anti-terrorism policies that infringe on basic rights whether ethnically-based roundups of innocent persons, or intrusive surveillance of peaceful political activists not only make America less free, but more vulnerable to terrorism. And finally, from two great US statesmen : â€Å"They that can give up essential liberty to obtain a little temporary safety deserve neither liberty nor safety† (Franklin, n. d. ); likewise, â€Å"The enlargement of liberty for individual human beings must be the supreme goal and abiding practice of any western society† (Kennedy, n. d. ). References American Civil Liberties Union. (2003, March 20). How Patriot Act 2 Would Further Erode the Basic Checks on Government Power That Keep America Safe and Free . Retrieved January 7, 2008, from http://www. aclu. org/safefree/general/ 17346leg20030320. html. Burns, A. (2002). No Concessions to Terrorists = Arms for Hostages. Retrieved January 6, 2008, from The Truth is Stranger than Fiction: http://teaching. arts. usyd. edu. au/history/hsty3080/3rdYr3080/IranContra/Design/Iran. htm. Davis, D. , Silver, B. (2002, April 23). MSU Study Shows Americans Unwilling to Trade Civil Liberties for Enhanced Security. Retrieved January 7, 2008, from Michigan State University: http://newsroom. msu. edu/site/indexer/471/content. htm. Franklin, B. (2006). Civil Rights. Retrieved January 7, 2008, from Culture of Peace Iniitiative: http://www. cultureofpeace. org/quotes/civilrights-quotes. htm Perry, G. L. (2001, October 24). The War on Terrorism, the World Oil Market and the U. S. Economy. Retrieved January 6, 2008, from Brookings: http://www. brookings. edu/papers/2001/1024terrorism_perry. aspx. Reagan, R. (1985, June 18). No Concessions to Terrorists = Arms for Hostages. Retrieved January 6, 2008, from The Truth is Stranger than Fiction: http://teaching. arts. usyd. edu. au/history/hsty3080/3rdYr3080/IranContra/Design/Iran. htm Shlaes, A. (2001, December 6). Threat of an oil embargo on the U. S. is a bluff. Retrieved January 6, 2008, from Jewish World Review: http://www. jewishworldreview. com/ cols/shlaes120601. asp. Soto, A. (2007, December 6). Panel discusses state of civil liberties. Retrieved January 7, 2008, from The John Hopkins News-Letter: http://media. www. jhunewsletter. com/ media/storage/paper932/news/2004/04/16/News/Panel. Discusses. State. O

History of the Gun

History of the Gun The gun is a very unique piece of work that has all kinds of uses. The Chinese invented the gun many years ago. Since the gun has been invented it has improved tremendously and is still advancing this day. When was the gun invented? The first gun was invented in the year 1232. This invention was introduced after the invention of black powder was discovered. â€Å"Gunpowder is an explosive mixture of 15% charcoal, 10% sulfur, and 75% potassium nitrate, or saltpeter.†1 Gunpowder was used for fireworks that was fired out of bamboo sticks during the ninth century. The bamboo stick was also used as the first gun, they were not very productive because they were so brittle, but they were used to try to stop the Mongol invaders. â€Å"Europeans obtained gunpowder in the thirteenth century.†2 The Europeans took the recipe to this mixture and was going to enhance the gun severely. The first type of firearm invented by the Europeans was the cannon; the cannon was used to siege the defenders in the castle walls. The cannonballs fired from the cannons would crumble the castle walls leading to the end of feudalism. The first siege that the Europeans conquered was the siege of Metz in the year 1324. â€Å"Cannons were very effective weapons in a siege, but soldiers soon wanted guns they could carry. At first, simple â€Å"hand gonnes† were used side-by-side with traditional weapons such as crossbows, pikes, and lances. The development of small arms quickly changed how military battles were fought.†3 The knights that fought on the front line of the military were soon defeated when the gun was invented. The armor could withstand swords, spears and lances, but when a bullet was shot it pierced through the armor making it defenseless against the gun. When the full armor body suits were put away the helmets and the breastplates were introduced. The breastplates were made out of very hard steel and could withstand a straight shot from a bullet. This invention gave each side a chance to survive from a gunshot. Starting around the 1400s blacksmiths began inventing more and easier ways to operate a gun. The first invention that simplified the gun was the matchlock gun. A wick was attached to a clamp that released into a chamber full of gunpowder. This cut reload time down a little but not much. During the 15th and 16th century the only thing that changed on the gun was the way they produced a spark to fire. The 18th century rolled around and a percussion cap gun was invented. The percussion cap gun was invented by a man named Reverend John Forsyth. â€Å"firing mechanism no longer uses flash pan, a tube lead straight into the gun barrel, the tube had an exposed cap on it that exploded when struck†4 During the 18th century there were all sorts of guns invented. Guns ranging from revolvers and center firing guns all the way to shotguns and rifles. The automatic gun was even invented in the 18th century. During the 19th century a new gun was invented: the new gun was an automatic and it was a Winchester. The Winchester automatic rifle was invented during the year 1903. More rifles were invented during the 19th century and the more they were invented the more sophisticated and enhanced they became. Guns anywhere from the Tommy gun to the Assault rifle. When these guns were invented they were able to kill lots of people in a short period of time. The time it takes to reload a gun today verses the time it took 3 centuries ago has changed dramatically. Centuries ago it took almost two minutes to reload and fire a gun. Today you can shoot up to a thousand rounds a minute. Mankind has invented guns so that they can be used to kill people in mass numbers. When ships were introduced to guns they took advantage of opportunity to use them. Sailors could use guns to rob other boats and take over villages and tribes. Even though the people that lived in the tribe would outnumber the people on the boat, they could be conquered by something that they have never seen before in their life. Why were guns invented? â€Å"Guns were invented not for protection against the elements or for sport or for hunting but with the simple purpose to fight other men.†5 There was a man named Samuel Colt that quoted the phrase: â€Å"God made man. Samuel Colt made them equal†6,this is said to be true because of what Samuel Colt invented. Samuel Colt invented the revolver, which is still used in todays society in some countries. With the idea that the gun was invented to fight other men the world has turned into a war. Everywhere that you turn and look you will see someone with a gun or is being robbed by someone with a gun. Some people that own guns dont think before they act. This is why there are so many murders with guns. Everyone in the military has a gun issued to them. Most of the military carry machine guns with them into combat for the simple reason that the machine gun can fire rapid fire for a long period of time. All you have to do with a machine gun is keep it cool and keep the gun lo aded at all times and shooting will never stop. The man who invented the machine gun is Doctor Richard Gatling. â€Å"Doctor Richard Gatling patented his design of the â€Å"Gatling Gun†, a six-barreled weapon capable of firing a (then) phenomenal 200 rounds per minute.†7 The Gatling gun was invented in the year 1861. During the year 1885 The Maxim Machine Gun was invented. Years later the Tommy gun was invented. â€Å"The Thompson submachine gun or Tommy gun was invented by General John T. Thompson, it was the first hand held machine gun. Thompson was driven with the thought of creating a hand held machine gun that would help end the First World War, However, â€Å"the first shipment of prototype guns destined for Europe arrived at the docks in New York city on November 11, 1918, the day the war ended.†8 New and Improved Guns The guns of the 20th century are amazing. They have guns that can see around corners and guns that tell you how far your target is away from you. The equipment that mankind has come up with is far more advanced than anyone has ever thought. We now have radars that can see where you are at night. The infrared radar system has let us see things at night. This helps the military find the enemy in tough weather such as rain or snow, but the infrared radar has one downfall. The radar system cannot see anything submerged in water. Next we have the smart bullet, the smart bullet can follow your every turn, and you cant hide from it. The distance that the bullet can travel depends on where the target is. â€Å"According to recently declassified research by the Department of Defense, the new bullets will allow snipers to hit targets several kilometers away.†9 The smart bullet travels at Mach 3. The reason that this bullet can maneuver like it does is because it have a ball joint that c onnects the nose of the bullet to the casing. â€Å"The nose can move by up to 0.1 degrees in any direction.†10 The gun that this bullet comes out of has to be very powerful to make this bullet travel the distance it does. The military is going from guns to chemical warfare now. Chemical warfare is very dangerous to use because it spreads and doesnt stop and is hard to control. â€Å"Chemical warfare is warfare (and associated military operations) using the toxic properties of chemical substances to kill, injure, or incapacitate an enemy.†11 Chemical weapons are and can be very dangerous and have been used since the 1900s. The way that you use to tell how chemicals were surrounding you was by smell, by the time u smelled the gas you were dead, you had no chance of living. The chemical warfare today has improved its detection. The way that you can tell the chemicals are around you now are by chemical strips, laser detection, alarms, and blister agent detectors. There ar e three schedules of chemical weapons that can be used for warfare. The first schedule has little use. This schedule is mainly for medical research and pharmaceutical use. â€Å"Examples include nerve agents, ricin, lewisite, and mustard gas.†12 The second schedule has no big industrial uses but is used legitimately for small uses. â€Å"Examples include dimethyl methylphosphonate, a precursor to sarin but also used as a flame retardant and thiodiglycol, a precursor in the manufacture of mustard gas but also widely used as a solvent in inks.†13 The last scheduled substance has large-scale industrial uses. â€Å"Examples include phosgene and chloropicrin.†14 Both of these chemicals have been in use when it comes to chemical warfare. The substance phosgene is used in the production of plastic. The chemical Chloropicrin is used as a fumigant. If both of these plants produce up to 30 tons a year they have to be reported to The Organization for the Prohibition of Che mical Weapons, (OPCW). Guns have taken a very big toll on the 20th century population. The improvement of guns will never stop and will keep on getting more sophisticated. History is always in the making and history is always repeating itself, so keep up with time or it will leave you standing alone! Notes 1. Thomas Gale. Bookrags.com The Invention of Guns. Science and Its Times: 700-1449. (Background) 1st paragraph, 1st sentence. 2. Bookrags.com (Background) 2nd paragraph, 1st sentence. 3. Bookrags.com (Impact) 2nd paragraph, 1st 3 sentences. 4. Mary Bellis, About.com. History of Firearms. (Timeline), Year 1825. 2nd part of sentence. 5. Blurtit. Why Were Guns Invented? 1st paragraph, Last sentence. 6. Blurtit. 1st paragraph, 2nd sentence. 7. Mary Bellis, About.com. The History of Guns Rifles and Machine Guns. (Machine Guns- Gatling Gun-1861) 1st sentence. 8. (Machine Guns- Thompson Submachine Gun Tommy Gun) 1st 2 sentences. 9. Justin Mullins-New Scientist. Sniper Country.com. 1st paragraph. 2nd sentence. 10. Sniper Country.com. 3rd paragraph, Last sentence. 11. New World Encyclopedia. Chemical Warfare. 1st paragraph, 1st sentence. 12. New World Encyclopedia. (Three groups of chemical weapons Schedule 1 substances). 3rd sentence. 13. New World Encyclopedia. (Three groups of chemical weapons Schedule 2 substances). 2nd sentence. 14. New World Encyclopedia. (Three groups of chemical weapons Schedule 3 substances). 2nd sentence. Bibliography Blurtit. Why Were Guns Invented? The New York Times Company. Revised 2009. November 11 2009. http://inventors.about.com/od/militaryhistoryinventions/a/firearms.htm CALVO, SHERRI CHASIN. The Invention of Guns. 2005. November 11 2009. . Mullins, Justin New Scientist. â€Å"You can run, but you cant hide†.[Archive: 12 April 1997] November 11 2009 http://www.snipercountry.com/Articles/SmartBullets.asp Chemical warfare. New World Encyclopedia. 14 Jan 2009, 19:22 UTC. 18 Nov 2009, 07:21 .

Friendship, Life, and Nature: Of Mice and Men Essay -- literary Analys

John Steinbeck is an author that creates an illusion of life in animalistic terms. Throughout the course of the novella, animal characteristics are given to the character Lennie. The author compares the character to an animal along with explaining the physicality and interactive movement of the character. â€Å"These are made acceptable and indeed moving because of the genuine sweetness on feels in Steinbeck’s nature and because he sees these human beings as being at least as dignified as animals† (Allen 325). Human beings have instincts and behaviors that are similar to animals. Steinbeck’s personal interest of humans portray under the living qualities of animals. â€Å"Lennie dabbled his big paw in the water†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Steinbeck 3). Steinbeck compares Lennie to a large animal in physical terms. Lennie’s hand represents the paw of the large animal. Overall, Steinbeck’s style of writing illustrates the lives of two men during the Great Depressi on and the strong connection of friendship they share through a struggle of life and the nature of being human. Protection of a friend depicts the American theme of two male counterparts. George watches over Lennie in protection of his safety and innocence. Taking the role of caring for Lennie after his Aunt Clara, George has to lead both himself and Lennie to their future destination. â€Å"†Hide till I come for you. Don’t let nobody see you. Hide in the brush by the river†Ã¢â‚¬  (Steinbeck 30). Consequently, George needs to monitor Lennie and keep him safe from peril. The George’ words reflect his feelings of dominance and protection over Lennie. George also protects Lennie from losing opportunities in the work force. â€Å"† Then why don’t you let him answer? What you trying to put over?†Ã¢â‚¬  (Steinbeck 22). George will a... ...he bond between George and Lennie, which goes back many years, is different† (â€Å"Themes and Construction: Of Mice and Men.† Exploring Novels. Detroit: Gale, 2003. Student Resource Center- Gold. Web. 26 Apr. 2010). Loneliness, class conflicts and Lennie’s mental disability describes the obstacles one may come across in life. Moreover, the nature of human instinct and behavior creates the backbone of the Steinbeck’s form of writing. â€Å" The novel is replete with references to traps and entrapment, and the frequent use of animal imagery serves as a point of comparison for understanding the emotional states of human characters within the work† (Beachman 3024). Survival of the fittest is influenced by both animal and human. John Steinbeck displays the role of a man’s life during the Great Depression and how extraordinary traits can lead to adverse event of what is to come.

State and Federal Authority in Screws v. United States Essay -- Suprem

State and Federal Authority in Screws v. United States Outside the courthouse in Newton, Georgia, in the early hours of January 30, 1943, Robert â€Å"Bobby† Hall was beaten unconscious by M. Claude Screws, Frank Edward Jones, and Jim Bob Kelley[1] while in their custody for the alleged theft of a tire;[2] Screws, Jones and Kelley were, respectively, Baker county sheriff, night policeman, and a civilian deputized specifically for the arrest.[3] Without ever recovering consciousness, Hall died as a result of a fractured skull shortly after his arrival at an Albany hospital that morning.[4] The NAACP and FBI investigated Hall’s death in the following months and federal charges were brought against Screws, Jones, and Kelley for violation of Section 20 of the Federal Criminal Code, which stipulates that no person may â€Å"under color of any law †¦ willfully† deprive a person of â€Å"any rights, privileges, or immunities secured or protected by the Constitution and laws of the United States.†[5] After bei ng found guilty in the lower courts, the defendants brought their case to the Supreme Court on appeal, alleging that they had violated a state rather than federal law and, consequently, could not be held liable under Section 20. The Supreme Court’s central concern in Screws et al. v. United States was to interpret the intent and breadth of Section 20 in order to judge its constitutionality; in doing so, the Court struggled to reach a consensus regarding the definition of state action and the indefinite nature of the rights protected by the statute. Such consensus proved difficult, indeed, as the case was narrowly decided and divided the Court along deep constitutional lines; while a majority of the Court advocated reversal of the lower co... ... [41] Screws et al. v. United States, 325 U.S. 91, 151-152 (1945). [42] Ibid., 143. [43] Ibid., 111. [44] Ibid., 145-146. [45] Ibid., 149. [46] Memorandum by Mr. Justice Jackson, February 2, 1945, Jackson Papers, 5. [47] See Justice Murphy’s dissent, wherein he insists that â€Å"it is idle to speculate on other situations that might involve  § 20 which are not now before us.† Screws et al. v. United States, 325 U.S. 91, 136 (1945). [48] Felix Frankfurter to Chief Justice Stone, November 30, 1944, Harlan Fiske Stone Papers. [49] Justice Frank Murphy’s Notes on Screws et al. v. United States, Frank Murphy Papers. [50] Screws et al. v. United States, 325 U.S. 91, 139 (1945). [51] Memorandum by Mr. Justice Jackson, February 2, 1945, Jackson Papers, 6. [52] Harlan Fiske Stone to William O. Douglas, November 25, 1944, Harlan Fiske Stone Papers. State and Federal Authority in Screws v. United States Essay -- Suprem State and Federal Authority in Screws v. United States Outside the courthouse in Newton, Georgia, in the early hours of January 30, 1943, Robert â€Å"Bobby† Hall was beaten unconscious by M. Claude Screws, Frank Edward Jones, and Jim Bob Kelley[1] while in their custody for the alleged theft of a tire;[2] Screws, Jones and Kelley were, respectively, Baker county sheriff, night policeman, and a civilian deputized specifically for the arrest.[3] Without ever recovering consciousness, Hall died as a result of a fractured skull shortly after his arrival at an Albany hospital that morning.[4] The NAACP and FBI investigated Hall’s death in the following months and federal charges were brought against Screws, Jones, and Kelley for violation of Section 20 of the Federal Criminal Code, which stipulates that no person may â€Å"under color of any law †¦ willfully† deprive a person of â€Å"any rights, privileges, or immunities secured or protected by the Constitution and laws of the United States.†[5] After bei ng found guilty in the lower courts, the defendants brought their case to the Supreme Court on appeal, alleging that they had violated a state rather than federal law and, consequently, could not be held liable under Section 20. The Supreme Court’s central concern in Screws et al. v. United States was to interpret the intent and breadth of Section 20 in order to judge its constitutionality; in doing so, the Court struggled to reach a consensus regarding the definition of state action and the indefinite nature of the rights protected by the statute. Such consensus proved difficult, indeed, as the case was narrowly decided and divided the Court along deep constitutional lines; while a majority of the Court advocated reversal of the lower co... ... [41] Screws et al. v. United States, 325 U.S. 91, 151-152 (1945). [42] Ibid., 143. [43] Ibid., 111. [44] Ibid., 145-146. [45] Ibid., 149. [46] Memorandum by Mr. Justice Jackson, February 2, 1945, Jackson Papers, 5. [47] See Justice Murphy’s dissent, wherein he insists that â€Å"it is idle to speculate on other situations that might involve  § 20 which are not now before us.† Screws et al. v. United States, 325 U.S. 91, 136 (1945). [48] Felix Frankfurter to Chief Justice Stone, November 30, 1944, Harlan Fiske Stone Papers. [49] Justice Frank Murphy’s Notes on Screws et al. v. United States, Frank Murphy Papers. [50] Screws et al. v. United States, 325 U.S. 91, 139 (1945). [51] Memorandum by Mr. Justice Jackson, February 2, 1945, Jackson Papers, 6. [52] Harlan Fiske Stone to William O. Douglas, November 25, 1944, Harlan Fiske Stone Papers.

CD Recording :: Essays Papers

CD Recording CD recording has become increasingly popular for a number of reasons. For one, they are extremely cheap. With a mail in rebate it’s possible to get them for ten cents a disk. A lot of that is due to the simplicity in design. They’re slim. Which means they can be carried easily. A CD can store a vast amount of data. You could put the same information on one CD that it would take hundreds of floppies to hold. CD’s can be used in a wide variety of components. You can play them in your car stereo, on your home stereo, on your computer, in your DVD player, or even game consoles. This site was designed to help clear up some of the confusion that has to do with recording CD’s. We are going to look at some CD formats, different types of recording software, choosing media, and storage options. CD Formats With all of the different type of CDs available there are many formats. A good thing about recording software is it will handle all of the formatting details for you. But it still is an interesting topic to know. A quick summary of standards: Red Book physical format for audio CDs (aka CD-DA) Yellow Book physical format for data CDs Green Book physical format for CD-i Orange Book physical format for recordable CDs Part I CD-MO (Magneto-Optical) Part II CD-WO (Write-Once; includes "hybrid" spec for PhotoCD) Part III CD-RW (ReWritable) White Book format for VideoCD (often written "VCD") Blue Book CD Extra (occasionally used to refer to LaserDisc format) CD Extra a two-session CD, 1st is CD-DA, 2nd is data (a/k/a CD Plus) CD-ROM/XA eXtended Architecture, a bridge between Yellow Book and CD-i MODE-1 standard Yellow Book sectors MODE-2 may be of form-1 or form-2

My Kind of Writing

Merola Page 1 of 2 Lyndsay Merola English 1100-05 My Kind of Writing There are many different types and styles of writing with their own purpose. I can express myself and others in all different kinds of ways. For example there is expository writing, descriptive writing, Narrative writing, persuasive writing and creative writing. Yes, they are all ways of writing but they each share their own purpose. Expository writing is a type of writing where the purpose is to inform, describe, or explain the author's subject to the reader. I personally like expository writing because it can be very easy to accomplish and it doesn’t require much thinking.Descriptive writing is very similar. It is writing that describes a particular person, place or event in great detail. Narrative writing is writing that tells a story, whether true or fictional. I love narrative writing because there are options to be creative with it. Persuasive writing was very popular for me in High School, Almost every month we would have to write an essay on persuading somebody in a particular idea or thought. For persuasive writing you need good reasons and examples. Last but not least there is creative writing. Creative writing is basically considered to be any writing, fiction, poetry, or non-fiction.It is very basic and is my personal favorite Merola Page 2 of 2 because I feel free and more open to write about whatever I want and not just a main topic or idea. A journal is an example of creative writing and I like being able to use a journal because it helps me get thoughts out, but keep memories in. In my college writing class, I feel like our essays are based on more creative writing. When I wrote about my most embarrassing moment, I actually laughed and had fun writing it because it wasn’t political or educational, but it was about life and different experiences.I like writing about real life situations because it is a lot easier to write about and the ideas come more natural to me . Honestly when I think of persuasive writing, I find it boring. Whenever I find myself writing a persuasive essay, I find myself thinking of a good enough lie to make the reader believe me and so I could persuade to them my point of view. Persuasive writing is very boring and could be very difficult at times, but somehow I find myself struggle through it. There are also different kinds of writing like academic writing, professional writing, business writing, and copywriting.You can write about non-fiction, fiction or even poems. I prefer writing about non-fiction because I find it more useful and interesting. Overall, there are many different types and styles of writing with their own purposes. Some people enjoy writing stories, writing about their life, writing because there is a purpose, or writing because there may be no purpose behind it. It varies on the person behind the paper. I enjoy writing about realistic things, but everyone is different and creative in their own ways. My Kind of Writing Merola Page 1 of 2 Lyndsay Merola English 1100-05 My Kind of Writing There are many different types and styles of writing with their own purpose. I can express myself and others in all different kinds of ways. For example there is expository writing, descriptive writing, Narrative writing, persuasive writing and creative writing. Yes, they are all ways of writing but they each share their own purpose. Expository writing is a type of writing where the purpose is to inform, describe, or explain the author's subject to the reader. I personally like expository writing because it can be very easy to accomplish and it doesn’t require much thinking.Descriptive writing is very similar. It is writing that describes a particular person, place or event in great detail. Narrative writing is writing that tells a story, whether true or fictional. I love narrative writing because there are options to be creative with it. Persuasive writing was very popular for me in High School, Almost every month we would have to write an essay on persuading somebody in a particular idea or thought. For persuasive writing you need good reasons and examples. Last but not least there is creative writing. Creative writing is basically considered to be any writing, fiction, poetry, or non-fiction.It is very basic and is my personal favorite Merola Page 2 of 2 because I feel free and more open to write about whatever I want and not just a main topic or idea. A journal is an example of creative writing and I like being able to use a journal because it helps me get thoughts out, but keep memories in. In my college writing class, I feel like our essays are based on more creative writing. When I wrote about my most embarrassing moment, I actually laughed and had fun writing it because it wasn’t political or educational, but it was about life and different experiences.I like writing about real life situations because it is a lot easier to write about and the ideas come more natural to me . Honestly when I think of persuasive writing, I find it boring. Whenever I find myself writing a persuasive essay, I find myself thinking of a good enough lie to make the reader believe me and so I could persuade to them my point of view. Persuasive writing is very boring and could be very difficult at times, but somehow I find myself struggle through it. There are also different kinds of writing like academic writing, professional writing, business writing, and copywriting.You can write about non-fiction, fiction or even poems. I prefer writing about non-fiction because I find it more useful and interesting. Overall, there are many different types and styles of writing with their own purposes. Some people enjoy writing stories, writing about their life, writing because there is a purpose, or writing because there may be no purpose behind it. It varies on the person behind the paper. I enjoy writing about realistic things, but everyone is different and creative in their own ways.

Education Programs for Gifted Students

Started in the 1970's, America's Gifted & Talented programs are used to enhance the curriculum of students included in either category in order to challenge and strengthen their unique abilities. These students are usually provided a separate class with specialized lessons in all areas and a teacher with a special degree in gifted education. I feel that it is important that the teacher was a gifted student who would know what the students must face as â€Å"above average† members of their school. The job market for gifted education offers a wide range of opportunity and gifted teachers are needed all over the country. One of the earliest programs for gifted and talented students was set up in 1974, at The Old Donation Center, in Virginia Beach. Students scoring within the top 3% of students on an assessment test are referred here to be further challenged. These students are considered gifted and have special teachers and classes to promote development of their talents and minds. Programs like this began to pop up around the nation in the 70's; however, gifted students were looked down upon by teachers,parents, and peers. Many people considered them to be â€Å"freaks† because they were different. They didn't understand the implications of the terms â€Å"gifted† and â€Å"talented†. Most people simply expected gifted students to act more mature or to be geniuses, even though gifted students are the same as other children in their needs as human beings. Some gifted students were forced to grow up too fast and some simply ignored the fact that they were smarter than others, thus, they were lost in the shuffle. The irony of it all is that gifted-ness seems to run in families and the children of these repressed gifted students are, themselves, gifted. But what exactly is a â€Å"gifted† student? Students (elementary & secondary) are given a repertoire of tests. These tests check IQ, psychomotor ability, specific academic aptitude/talent, creative and productive thinking, leadership ability, and skills in the visual and performing arts. The main requirement, the IQ, is tested by a standardized IQ test (remember, however, that IQ tests are not always perfectly accurate). Ratings are given to each bracket of IQ scores: If a student receives a rating of â€Å"gifted† or higher (130+), he/she is considered to be a gifted student and is introduced into the designated programs. These students are given the opportunity to choose classes that are meant to teach them how to use their minds for critical thinking, reasoning, and artistic pursuits. Students in these classes are also exposed to culture, literature, and other subject areas that are not usually covered in what they term â€Å"normal classes†. The gifted classes are mainly in an open format allowing the student to create the parameters of his/her work and allowing them to be creative in their learning experience. Each class is presided-over by a teacher that has specialized degrees in gifted education. Almost every school in the United States has a need for a gifted class, making job opportunities endless; there are never enough. Gifted teachers must have both a degree in education (secondary or elementary) and a degree in special education (gifted). These teachers are individuals that must have stamina, people skills, and open minds. It is also important (to the students) that the teacher himself/herself was also classified as gifted. It sets a common bond, shows them that the teacher understands the problems they face as so-called â€Å"smart kids†. These students are often ridiculed by their peers and looked-down upon by their teachers. They are often separated from others their age by a barrier that can only be described as their â€Å"intelligence†. This is why, often, gifted teachers have degrees in administration, counseling, or psychology. All teachers that I interviewed told me that a continually upgraded education is a must (as are additional degrees). In order to keep up with the students one must attend seminars, workshops, special classes, etc. There is no end to the amount of education that could help you to understand gifted students and the role of their â€Å"teacher†. Also, if a teacher has extra educational qualifications, he/she could be asked to step up to the position of administrator or, more often, counselor. This means pay raises. Though the average salary for teachers is approximately $27,500 per year, it is â€Å"a worthwhile undertaking† according to Jane Mansueto, â€Å"It is incredible to work with gifted students. They are incredible! † She went on to remark that it is fascinating to imagine that they are of the same level of intelligence as the teacher and what they must be feeling inside. She feels that the students are not bothered by what their peers think, but actually tend to understand that other's opinions mean little compared to their own. Mrs. Mansueto taught at Elm Grove Middle School for 5 years. She commented on her role as a gifted teacher to consist of â€Å"one part mentorship, one part hardship, and one part friendship†. When asked what kind of hours she keeps, she laughed and asked if she was supposed to have time off. According to Mrs. Mansueto, unlike a â€Å"normal† teacher, a gifted teacher has no books to go by or preset material to teach, or, for that matter, a preset subject to teach. They are given a blank page and, using input from students, must draw up lessons from every subject area and constantly challenge the inquisitive minds of the gifted. Jane Mansueto attended Trinity College where she majored in both elementary education and gifted education. Her favorite part of being a gifted teacher is being with the students, working hand in hand with them to plan and carry out projects and trips. Though the pay is average, and there is not much room to be promoted if you wish to remain in the classroom, gifted teaching has its personal rewards. Jeff Simpleton, a gifted teacher as well as a former gifted student, states, â€Å"I really think that by being gifted, I am in touch with what they have to go through. They know that I can understand. † Mr. Simpleton's class consists of 6 high school students, who have many problems due to the intelligence barrier and a kind of isolation that has built up over the years between themselves and their classmates. They seem to feel that they have a reputation that they must live up to. The students try to please everyone†¦ hey push themselves with sheer motivation and determination and drive. Mr. Simpleton feels that this is â€Å"what makes them so great†. He feels hat anyone with a sense of adventure and a need for something new day after day would find teaching a gifted class to be the perfect job for them. Gifted teachers are important to the development of their students minds. They are understanding individuals who must work hard to make the curriculum interesting and challenging. With the proper education it is possible to go far as a teacher of the gifted.

Industrial Growth in the United States for 1860-1900 Essay

Many important factors helped to promote America’s huge industrial growth during the period from 1860 to 1900. Before the blossom of this industrialization, the United States consisted of mostly farms and small towns. The development of factories and urban cities soon changed all of this. The railroad system expanded and eventually turned into a goldmine for commerce in the United States. Machinery started to decrease the amount of animal labor used, which allowed the consistency and production of goods to rise. As it reached the brink of the 20th century, America had surprisingly become the world’s greatest industrial nation in history. The Civil War, caused by Southern states seceding from the Union, sparked the beginning of the United States’ industrial growth. As the war came to and end, reconstruction within the country began to take place. Many new ideas and inventions began to pop up and American business leaders recognized them. One of these ideas was a railroad that would run from coast to coast. In 1862, the building of this Transcontinental Railroad began. It was finished by 1869 and drastically increased cultural diffusion. The Republican party of the Federal Government was in control during most of the country’s industrial boom. Their platform wanted to impose tariffs, or taxes, on foreign goods to keep America’s spending within its own borders. They also supported the construction of the Transcontinental Railroad. The railroad allowed goods to be sold throughout the whole country, which in turn increased production and sales. At that point in time, as well as today, time equaled money. Travel times were cut, and therefore money was raked in more than ever before. By 1900, there was almost 200,000 miles of railroad track in America. This was an increase of over 160,000 miles from 1860. The United States was â€Å"on track† to becoming a huge industrial nation. During the period of time between 1860 and 1900, there were many needs in industry. These needs included communication, natural resources, power sources, cheap labor, and applied technology. In the 1850s, 52% of all power came from animals while only 35% came from water and coal. By the 1900s, the use of water and coal more than doubled to 73% of all power sources. Many business tycoons realized his growing use of resources. One man by the name of John D. Rockerfeller created a monopoly over the entire oil industry  through his plan of Horizontal Consolidation. With this plan he was able to bring together many firms in the oil business and combine them into a single unit called a trust. Another man, Andrew Carnegie, had similar views on gaining total control of a commodity. In 1882, he used the idea of Vertical Consolidation to gain control of the growing steel industry. His business, the Carnegie Steel Company, therefore controlled every factor in the production of steel. Rockefel ler and Carnegie both became very rich men, and the United States Congress soon recognized this. They responded by drafting the Sherman Antitrust Act, which outlawed the combination of businesses that would destroy competition. As more and more people moved to the West in search of better lives, the need for communication grew. Systems of sending messages through wires and electric currents soon began to appear. These inventions were called the telegraph and the telephone. People in the West could now communicate with the friends and loved ones in the East that they moved away from. In turn, their fear of isolation soon disappeared. Although the trouble of communication was diminished, life on the job continued to be a problem. Workers demanded better working conditions. Factories soon began to run faster and more smoothly than in the past. Working conditions also improved and provided less risk of injury and strain on workers. (Document 1) Conditions were only getting better, but the need for lower wages was a growing problem for factories. Immigration rates to America began to increase. From the 1860s to the 1900s, the number of immigrants rose to over eight million people. This allowed wages for workers to go down because immigrants would work for less money. The factories could now spend more money on the production of goods. The many demands of industrial growth were met throughout America’s industrial boom. During the second half of the 19th century, the United States shocked the world by transforming into a dynamite industrial nation. It’s population increased from six million people in 1860 to over thirty million in 1900. Power sources played a major role in industry at this time. Communication devices and railroads also increased commerce. Big businesses were on the rise and American’s soon left their farms for factories. These factors helped to promote the United States’ successfully rapid industrial growth during the period from 1860 to 1900.

Islam in UK Essay

I am going to write about â€Å"Islam†. In this topic, I’ll describe Islamic values, Islamic traditions, the meaning of Islam and other things, which are related to Islam. I am writing this to inform Muslims about Islamic culture and values. I have chosen this topic to advise and persuade them to follow the right ways of Islam. The reason to choose this topic is that in Pakistan there are many people who call themselves Muslims, but in reality, they don’t fulfil the duties of Islam. They don’t understand what Islam is. They don’t know how to treat their children, how to teach them Islamic principles. My aim is to inform Muslims about the true meaning of Islam. I’ll get the information from the internet, my family, my teachers and my personal points of view. I am a Muslim therefore I have lots of information about my topic. I’ll tell you about God, belief, sects of Islam, prophets and other information. The people, who call themselves Muslims, they consider that they belong to a Muslim family so they are also Muslims, but it is wrong. They don’t know their religion’s facts. For being a Muslim, they should know their religion’s reality. There are also some people who think that they have recited the creed, so they would be called Muslims, but this is not reality. Muslims are those people who have firm belief in their heart and soul, on Islam, Allah, His angels, His messengers, His books and His revelations. You should believe in the judgement day, and fate and destiny. Muslims believe in only One God, the same God that Jews and Christians believe in. For a Muslim, the life of the prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) is the perfect example. A Muslim is that person, who follows the principles and the acts of the prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him), these principles and acts are called ‘Sunnah’. For being a Muslim, the first thing that you should know about Islam is its meaning. Islam is the Arabic word, which simply means peace and purity. Islam connotes submission, surrender, and obedience. As a religion, Islam stands for complete submission and obedience to Allah and therefore it is called ‘Islam’. Anyone who has firm belief in Islam and surrenders himself to Allah is called a Muslim. Islam is not a new religion. It is in essence the same message and guidance which Allah revealed to all His previous messengers. The message which was revealed to the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him), is Islam in its comprehensive, complete and final form. Islam is the religion, which was given to Adam, the first man, and the first prophet of Allah, and it was the religion of all the prophets sent by Allah to humankind. The name of God’s religion Islam was not decided upon by later generations of man. It was chosen by Allah Himself and clearly mentioned in His final revelation to man. In the final book of divine revelation, the Koran, Allah states the following: â€Å"This day I have perfected your religion for you, completed My favour upon you, and have chosen Islam for you as your religion†. (Soorah Al-Maa’idah 5:3) After having faith in Allah, a Muslim worships God to seek His will. The five pillars of Islam are core beliefs that shape a Muslim’s thought, deed, and society. A Muslim who fulfils the five Pillars of Islam, remains in the faith of Islam, and sincerely repents of his sins, will make it to paradise. One of these pillars is the ‘Shahada’, which is the Islamic proclamation that â€Å"there is no true God except Allah, and Muhammad is the Messenger of Allah†. This is the declaration that Allah is the one and only true God, that Allah alone is worthy of worship and the sovereign lord who does what he wills with whoever he wills. It means that all of His rules and laws found in the Koran are to be followed. Muhammad is the true and greatest prophet of God and recognition of Muhammad as the Prophet of God is required. It was through Muhammad that God conveyed the last and final revelation. I have seen some Muslims who just recite the Islamic proclamation but do not care about acting upon other pillars. The second pillar is prayer, which involves confession of sins, which begins with the purification of the body and ends with the purification of the soul. Prayer is performed five times a day. The first prayer is at dawn and the last at sunset. The names of the prayers, which are essential to pray, are Fajr, Dhuhr, Asr, Maghrib, Isha. There are also some prayers, which are not obligatory to pray. As a Muslim, I perform these prayers, but unfortunately not regularly. The third pillar is ‘fasting’, which is an act of worship where the faithful follower denies his own needs and seeks Allah. Usually, this fasting entails no drinking, eating, or having sexual relations during the daylight hours for the entire month of Ramadan. The month of Ramadan is the month of fasting in Islam. I must keep fast myself in the month of Ramadan, but sometimes I keep fast in other days instead of Ramadan. The fourth pillar of Islam is giving alms to poor people, disabled people, orphans and widows. Charity is the biggest source of asking forgiveness for our sins. Whenever I have something to give someone, I give alms to needy people. The fifth pillar is the pilgrimage to Mecca, which has been ordered to everyone to do it at least one time in your life. That pilgrimage purifies your soul from all sins as the water cleans the dirtiness. If you perform the five pillars, but do not remain in the faith, you will not be saved. Islam has a number of special occasions of celebration. These occasions are observed with devotion to seek the pleasure of Allah. There is no concept of festival only for pleasure. The festivals are the occasions of thanksgiving, joy and happiness. The two major occasions in Islam in each year are Eid-ul-Fitr and Eid-ul-Adha. I also celebrate these occasions. I enjoy them a lot. Eid-ul-Fitr is observed at the end of the month of Ramadan. On this day, after a month of fasting, Muslims express their joy and happiness by offering a congregational prayer. This day is generally observed as a holiday in Muslim countries. Eid-ul-Adha begins on the 10th of Dhu’l Hijjah and continues until the 12th day of the month. It is celebrated to commemorate the Prophet Abraham’s readiness to sacrifice his son Ishmael on the command of Allah. This occasion of great importance comes every year during the days of the pilgrimage of Mecca and is observed by offering congregational prayer, as i n Eid-ul-Fitr. Some other occasions to observe and celebrate include Lailat-ul-Qadr (Night of power), Lailat-ul-Miraj (Night of the Ascent), the beginning of Hijrah, and the dates for Islamic battles, the birthday of the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) and Ashurah (10th of Muharram). Islamic festivals are observed according to the Islamic calendar, which is based on Lunar months. The Lunar year is shorter than the solar year by about 10 days. Festival dates are determined by the sighting of the moon. Unfortunately, there is not a single Islamic calendar, which has been accepted by Muslims all over the world. I do not celebrate all of these occasions, but I try my best to celebrate all of these festivals. Nowadays in many Muslim countries, most of people lay stress on celebrating non Islamic festivals instead of Islamic like Basant (festival of flying kites), Holli (festival of playing with colours and music) and Christmas. Some people think that â€Å"a perfect Muslim† is simply one who is correct in the observance of the ritual prayer, the fasting, the charity, and the pilgrimage to Mecca. This is not the fact. If you are not humble, pious and truly God-fearing instead of performing ritual prayers, then you are not a real Muslim. A Muslim should be truthful, honest, and moderate in everything, loving, optimistic, hopeful and sincere. You should take special care to keep away yourself from all the shameful and sinful things God has forbidden. The main forbidden acts in Islam are refusing from the oneness of Allah, testifying false testimonies, murdering people and making money by taking interest on loans. Allah has also forbidden us from taking other’s money unjustly especially money of orphans and needy people. Islam has prohibited us from slandering chaste and pure women, and having sexual relationships outside marriage. The other things, which are not allowed to do in Islam, are drinking alcohol, gambling, stealing, swearing, lying, eating pork and committing suicide. Islam makes faith and religion the basis of the entire human society and the most important for the system of its relationships. The Islamic concept of nationhood is not based on language, colour or region kinship. The Islamic community is a society of faith. Anyone who believes in the Islamic religion and its beliefs is an undeniable part of this nation whatever his race, colour, language or place of birth. I accept it that all human beings are equal. Social responsibilities have lots of importance in a Muslim’s life. The base of Islamic teachings about social responsibilities has been built on kindness and consideration of others. The responsibilities and rights of different relationships are defined in Islam. Islam also lays emphasis on specific acts of kindness. In a widening circle of relationship, our first obligation is to our immediate family which includes parents, husband or wife and children, then to other relatives, neighbours, friends and acquaintances, orphans and widows, the needy of the community, our fellow Muslims, all our fellow human beings and animals. Respect and care for parents is very much stressed in the Islamic teaching and is a very important part of a Muslim’s expression of faith. Islam says that you should be kind to your parents, whether if they reach their old age in their lifetime. You should not say to them a word of contempt nor repel them, but address them in terms of honour. Your mother has more right on you than your father, because she gives you birth after facing many problems. Mother has three times higher level than father, therefore it is said that the paradise lies under the feet of your mother. You should obey your mother’s command whether that command is right or wrong. There is only one command of your mother, which has been prohibited to obey, and that command is refusing from the uniqueness of Allah. I respect my parents very much, especially my mother, because I know that I have to give answer to my Allah, on the Day of Judgment. On that day, children will be called referring to their mother’s names. As parents, you have some jobs towards your children. Your first aim towards your child is to teach him Islamic values. You should treat your children with love and kindness. You should get them good education. You are responsible for their spiritual and moral amendment. You should fulfil all their needs. You should not torture them, because the person, who does not love children, is not one of the Muslims. The prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) said, â€Å"children are the flowers of Allah’s garden†. I also like children very much, because they are very innocent and cute. They are far away from tyranny and sins. As a husband, you have some duties and responsibilities towards your wife. You should give your wife her dowry in its entirety, and co-habit with her in a good way, take care of her and teach her matters of her religion. You should guard her in her religion and dignity, and protect her secrets, honour her family and her friends. I have seen many Muslim husbands in Pakistan and England who don’t respect their wives and their family and relatives. They torture their wives like an animal if their wives are barren or do not bring many expensive things in their dowry. As a wife, you have some duties and responsibilities towards your husband. Your duty is the good organization of your home. The house is your kingdom and you are its princess. You should protect your husband’s property and children, and should be honest and truthful to him. You should respect your husband and his family and relatives. In my family, some of my relatives are very obedient to their husbands and look after their children in the absence of their husbands. My mother is also one of them. For being a Muslim, you also have some obligations towards your other relatives such as aunts, uncles, nephews, nieces, cousins, brothers, sisters, mother-in-law, father-in-law and others. You should help them in their needs whether that help is financial, emotional or social. You should speak to them very softly and respect them. According to the statement of the prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him), you are not a Muslim, if you know that your neighbours are hungry and you eat whole heartedly. If your neighbours are not safe from your injurious conduct, you do not believe in Islam. A teacher has a great position in Islam. A teacher is called a spiritual father, because he is responsible for a sensible and educated society. It is your duty to respect your teacher as you respect and take care about your parents. I have never talked to my teachers harshly, because I have lots of respect in my heart for all of my relatives. According to the Koran and Sunnah, as a Muslim, you have to discharge your moral responsibility not only to your parents, children, relatives and neighbours, but also to the entire humankind, animals and trees and plants. Hunting of birds and animals for the sake of game is not permitted. Similarly, cutting trees and plants which yield fruit is forbidden unless there is a very serious need for it. Thus, on the basic moral characteristics, Islam builds a higher system of morality by virtue of which humankind can realize its greatest potential. Islam purifies the soul from selfishness, tyranny, shamelessness and indiscipline. In Islam, it is said that all individuals become responsible and accountable for their behaviour at the age of puberty. At that time, the Islamic teachings about modest dress apply to any person whether that person is male or female. Nothing should be seen of you except your face, feet and hands when you reach your age of puberty. Therefore, at this age, it is expected from you to adopt more modest styles of dress that do not expose too much. As a Muslim, I also act upon these teachings of Islam. According to Sunnah, all Muslim marriages should be simple and far away from false showing of wealth. Nowadays Muslims spend lots of money on marriages which is their waste of money. I have attended many marriages in which people use their money incorrectly. As a Muslim, you can give your money to the needy persons for the sake of Allah instead of wasting your money on unnecessary customs. I can conclude from this piece of writing that what I have set out to do, I have achieved it. My aim was to tell Muslims about the true meaning of Islam. I have not been completely successful in achieving my aim, because I had decided to write about Islamic months, Islamic education and Islamic miracles, but I could not include them in my piece of writing because of the word limit. It was not too difficult to do the research, because I got most of information from the internet and from my personal experience. I could not find suitable books for my topic, therefore I searched on the internet. I really enjoyed doing the extended writing, because I have learnt lots of things about Islam. I have learned lots of vocabulary. I have found out how to write a long essay and how to join paragraphs to each other. By finding information, I have found out that Islam is the second largest religion in the world. According to the estimation, the range of Muslims is from 0.7 to 1.2 billion worldwide. Bibliography: The Koran http://www.islamonline.net/english/introducingislam/index.shtml (9.02.05) http://www.hammoude.com/Islam.html (20.3.05) http://islam.about.com (28.03.05) http://www.carm.org/islam/faith_five_pillars.htm (28.03.05) http://www.religioustolerance.org/islam.htm (6.04.05)